This is the third volume of a periodical that is published every two years on the archaeological activities of the Danish Institute at Athens, and contains articles by scholars in the fields of Greek archaeology, history, philology and literature. This volume reports on prehistoric Tummuli at Portes in Achaea, early Minoan Clay Strips and a sealing at Psathi, an early Etruscan Bronze Throne in Olympia, the Utopia of Xenophon, Cultic theatres and ritual drama in Ancient Greece, Greek theatre building in late classical and Hellenistic times, the gardens and marginal lands of classical Attica, the foundation of Nea Paphos, all in English, and, in French, La collone du Dôdékathéon à Délos (Reconstruction of the columns of the Temple of Twelve Gods on the island of Delos). The section on Greek-Danish Excavations in Aetolian Chalkis 1997-98 contains articles on the excavations on the hill of Haghia Triadha, geological investigations of the area, coins and roof tiles found there and the registration process of finds. Other articles discuss the final Neolithic pottery from the excavation at Pangali on the eastern slope of Mt. Varassova, in 1996 and the recent rescue excavation of the cemetary of Ancient Chalkis.

This volume contains over 150 papers presented at the Classical Congress held in Boston, Massachussetts in August 2003.

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION: Land, People, Mountains-Plateaux, Ravines, Plains, Rivers and Lakes, Coastline, Communications, Climate, Cultivation and Production, Geological Past, Flora, Fauna.CRETAN MYTHS,Gods and Heroes, Birth of Zeus, Zeus and Europa, Kingdom of Minos, Talos, Art during the Minoan Period, Pasiphae and the Minotaur, Ariadne and Theseus, Daidalos and Ikaros. HISTORICAL REVIEW. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS - HISTORY: Neolithic Period (6000-2600 B.C.), Pre-Palace Period (2600-2000 B.C.), Old Palace Period (1900-1700 B.C.), New Palace Period (1700-1450 B.C.), Post-Palace Period (1450-110 B.C.), Proto-Geometric Period (1100-900 B.C.), Geometric and Orientalizing Periods (900-650 B.C.), Archaic Period (650-500 B.C.), Classical and Hellenistic Periods (500-67 B.C.), Roman Period (67 B.C.-A.D. 330), First Byzantine Period (330-824), Arab Occupation (824-961), Second Byzantine Period (961-1204/10), Venetian Occupation (1204-1669), Turkish Occupation (1669-1898), Modern Times. TOURING HERAKLEION: History of the Town, Tour of the Town, THE MUSEUMS - Archaeological Museum , Historical Museum of Crete, Church of Saint Catherine -Collection of Byzantine Icons, EXCURSIONS: Archaeological Site of Knossos, Archaeological Site of Archanes, Archaeological Site of Phaistos, Archaeological Site of Aghia Triada, Archaeological Site of Tylissos, Sedoni Cave, Idaian Cave, Kastelli Pediados (Venetian fortress), Eileithyia Cave, Archaeological Site of Malia, Milatos Cave, Diktaian Cave. AGHIOS NIKOLAOS: History of the Town, Archaeological Museum, Connections for Spinalonga, Church of Panaghia Kera at Kritsa, Archaeological Site of Gournia, Chamezi Folk Museum. SITEIA: Archaeological Museum, Archaeological Site of Zakros, Toplou Monastery,Kapsa Monastery, Melidoni Cave. RETHYMNON: History of the Town, Archaeological Museum, Arkadi Monastery, Amari Valley, Preveli Monastery, Kourna Lake. CHANIA: History of the Town, Tour of the Town, Archaeological Museum, Gouverneto Cave, Chrysopigi Monastery, Askyphou Plateau, Samaria Ravine, Graeco-Roman town of Elyros, Kasteli (Kisamos), Chrysoskalitissa Monastery, Kastelli Selino.

Betwixt sky and sea, drenched in sunshine and salty spray, like precious pearls the isles of Greece rise at random from the sea. Large and small, with "seaward and landward towns", frequently fortified and even with castles, with Lilliputian white villages, noble mansions and humble dwellings, steep cobbled streets, vines and olive trees, windmills and countless churches, their charm is irresistible, an open invitation for the visitor to get to know them better. It is no easy task to describe the beauty of the islands with their age-old history, remnants of monuments of all eras, legends interwoven with the past, bringing it to life with every step. Each island is a story in itself. There are over 3,000 isles and islets, of which only 167 are inhabited, the majority scattered throughout the Aegean Sea. With their picturesque landscapes, mild climate, lovely beaches and host of monuments, the islands attract thousands of visitors seeking relaxing and interesting holidays. This book is intended to give the visitor an overview of the islands' past history, as well as their contemporary aspect, so that he may enjoy their sea and sunshine and unique natural environment in the midst of hospitable folk.

It would be difficult to overstate the importance of Aristotle for a number of intellectual disciplines from Antiquity into the Middle Ages and beyond. However, Aristotle's philosophical ideas - both in themselves and as they were re-worked by later commentators - remain a subject of lively debate among contemporary philosophers and scholars. Form and Universal in Aristotle is a contribution to this controversy, offering the first full-length case against a conventional picture which presents Aristotle as holding an in re theory of universals. Chapters 1-3 argue that forms as such are not universals but particular and identical with particular things. Chapter 4 explains how Alexander of Aphrodisias filled some gaps in this theory and was followed by the Neoplatonic commentators. Excursuses at various points in the book suggest a bearing of this approach on other philosophical difficulties in Aristotle, such as the nature of thought, the extent of God's thought, and the functions of matter.

The present work offers an extensive introduction to the text and transmission of the ancient Latin version of the medical works "Therapeutica" and "On Fevers" of the great sixth-century Greek doctor Alexander of Tralles. The importance of the Latin Alexander in medieval medicine in the West is seen in the richness of both mainstream and secondary, excerpting manuscript-traditions. The tradition is such that the reconstructed Latin text promises to be a much more important witness to the Greek text than the Greek is to the Latin, and of course a reliable edition is a prerequisite for any systematic work on questions such as the provenance of the translation and the Latinity of the translator(s). The volume comprises an introduction to Alexander; an outline account of his works in Greek compared with the Latin version; a description of the Latin manuscript copies, and a proposed reconstruction of the genetic relations between them; some preliminary remarks on the Latinity of the Latin Alexander; and a sample edition, with translation, critical apparatus, and extensive notes, of the chapters on coughing at the start of Book 2.

When tracing the course of development of ancient Greek historiography, one comes upon an astounding time gap of about 150 years, stretching from around the middle of the 3rd century to the end of the 4th century AD. In the first half of the 3rd century a rather numerous line-up of historians writing in Greek came to an end with Dio Cassius and Herodian. The lack of well-known Greek historians and extant works from this period is all the more surprising that in the history of Imperium Romanum this was a clearly defined, significant period of great political, economic, religious and cultural changes and breakthroughs. Among others, this time brought the emergence of Christian historiography. Eusebios of Caesarea wrote the first Ecclesiastical History and a Universal Chronicle. This was also a period of great development in Christian polemic literature, which used historical motives for apologetic purposes and propaganda. This heyday of Christian historiography, compared to a surprising decrease in the number of known histories written in Greek by Pagan authors, formed the basis for a theory of the fall of Pagan historiography in the second half of the 3rd century and in the 4th century.

Karl Marx observed that "just when people seem engaged in revolutionizing themselves..

In 89 BC, Roman legionaries intervened in the Black Sea region to curb the ambitions of Mithridates VI of Pontos. Over the next two centuries, the Roman presence on the Black Sea coast was slowly, but steadily increased. This volume deals with the Roman impact on the indigenous population in the Black Sea region and touches on the theme of romanisation of that area. Nine different contributors discuss several aspects of Roman identity and the cultural interaction -- one article even compares the situation to the American presence in Iraq. Though at the same time, it also looks at the resistance to the Roman Empire and the Roman problems of creating peace in the region after the colonisation. Romanisation and becoming Roman in a Greek world is a very popular field of discussion about which a lot has already has been written. This book, however, encircles three important themes -- the domination, the romanisation and the resistance. It covers two different sides of the Roman presence in the area and shows both the perspective of a Roman just arrived, Pliny the Younger, and a native seeing the Romans coming, the historian Memnon of Herakleia. Furthermore it describes how multi-identity cultures manage to live together because becoming Roman not necessarily means becoming less Greek (or less Gaulish, less Scythian, less Bosporan, etc). The diversity of the different chapters in this book creates reflection on the cultural change in the traditionalist, yet cosmopolitan environment that was the Roman Black Sea Region.

This volume is the outcome of an international conference on landscape archaeology. It includes 15 contributions from participants from six different countries, who analyse the territories of the main ancient cities of the west, north and south coasts of the Black Sea region, discussing them also in a comparative, Mediterranean perspective. The particular aim of the conference was to join the forces of Eastern as well as Western researchers in establishing an overview of the relationship between the larger ancient cities and their territories. During the past 40 years this particular field of archaeology has developed into a highly specialised and sophisticated discipline. Based on a systematic sampling strategy, it aims at understanding regions beyond the individual site, frequently on a city-state, regional or landscape level. The methodological debate on this approach that is current in Mediterranean archaeology has, however, only had a limited impact so far on Black Sea region research, with most Western researchers still lacking a fundamental knowledge about Black Sea data and how they are generated.

When Anastasius I came to the throne in 491, the Late Roman Empire was in severe difficulty. Internal instability, exacerbated by the dominance of the unpopular Isaurians in Constantinople, resulted in a struggling economy, hostile relations with Persia, the abandonment of Italy to a barbarian king, and doctrinal schisms. Anastasius, an elderly statesman with long experience as an administrator and economist, turned his attention first to the Isaurians, ousting them from the imperial capital and defeating them in their homeland; he could then focus on streamlining the administration, improving the economy, and securing peace and stability on the borders. At his death he left three hundred and twenty thousand pounds of gold in the imperial treasury, a sum crucial for funding the ambitious and grandiose projects of his successor Justinian. Anastasius I: Politics and Empire in the Late Roman World systematically explores the complex interlocking reforms of Anastasius and examines the governance of the late fifth-century empire. Seven Appendixes discuss inter alia the primary sources, and the panegyrics of Priscian and Procopius. The book includes maps, a bibliography and indexes. Latin and Greek are given in the original and in translation; sources from other languages are quoted in English.

Ovid's Heroides , letters in elegiac verse supposedly penned by famous mythological lovers, have attracted renewed scholarly attention over the past twenty or so years. Heroides 16 and 17, the letters exchanged by Paris and Helen, are the subject of this volume. It consists of an Introduction, the Latin text of Heroides 16 and 17 with apparatus criticus , and a detailed commentary followed by bibliography and indexes. Dr Michalopoulos elucidates the content, structure and background of Heroides 16 and 17 and brings new light to bear on the interpretation of the poems, supplementing Palmer's (1898) old but still useful commentary on the single and double Heroides and Kenney's (1996) valuable commentary on the double Heroides . The Introduction discusses Ovid's treatment of his literary sources and models - mainly his own Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Heroides 5 and 7, and Vergil's Aeneid - and surveys Ovid's language, style and wit. The commentary deals in detail with these same areas and covers relevant aspects of myth, intertextuality, metre and text.

This edited volume of forty-four papers on terracottas opens with a section on New Research , followed by five geographical sections on: Etruria; Umbria and Abruzzo; The Faliscans, Rome and Latium; Campania and Magna Graecia; and Sicily. The terracottas in question are the various parts of roofing systems used by the ancient Italians Italic, Etruscan and colonial Greek and cover both domestic and temple architecture. Thirty-three papers are in Italian, nine in English and two in German.

Excavations in 1996-7 uncovered important new evidence for the development of the eastern part of the Roman Londinium, as well as medieval and later activity. Early Roman activity took place on sloping ground near a minor tributary of a small stream, known as the Lorteburn in the medieval period. First-century development included ditches and a scatter of timber buildings. Boundaries were aligned with a nearby road to the north-west of the site, and did not match the orientation of either the forum to the west or the Colchester road to the north. Development increased until interrupted by the Hadrianic fire. More substantial stone buildings, reached by secondary alleys or paths, date from the mid 2nd century onwards and include sunken rooms, good-quality painted plaster interior decoration, and unusual ribbon pointing and painted ashlar-effect rustication. A sunken-floored aisled building with brick pier bases may have incorporated a warehouse. In the mid 3rd century new masonry buildings were constructed on a different alignment. The new complex included suites of heated rooms and a possible bathhouse. Contemporary timber structures may have been outbuildings. The site produced an important assemblage of late Roman pottery. The Roman buildings were abandoned in the late 4th-century and their remains sealed by 'dark earth'. Reoccupation was represented by 11th-century rubbish pits and robbing of Roman masonry. The early 12th-century church of St Katherine Coleman lay to the north of open ground and gardens up to the 16th century. Post-Great Fire evidence included fortifications of the rebuilt 18th-century church, vaults of the East India Company Tea and Drug Warehouse and the Hambro synagogue.

This book examines the landscape in southwestern Crete from AD 1000-2000, using a phenomenological approach. Specifically, the positioning of outlying churches (exokklisia) and icon stands (eikonostasia) around Sphakia is looked at, in terms of spatial and social reasoning. What is certainly clear, is that people choose the location of sacred buildings particularly carefully, so the locations themselves cannot be seen as random. Routes, resources and boundaries are all factors but primarily these locations are symbolic: such monuments mark, protect and preserve the memory of significant locations in the landscape.

In AD 42, the Emperor Claudius initiated work on the construction of a new artificial harbour a short distance to the north of the mouth of the Tiber. The harbour facilities were enlarged at the instigation of the Emperor Trajan at the beginning of the second century AD, and Portus remained the principal port for the City of Rome into the Byzantine period. The surviving archaeological remains and comments by ancient sources make it clear that Portus lay at the heart of Rome's maritime façade. As well as being a key Mediterranean centre for passengers and for the loading, unloading, transshipment and storage of products from across the Empire, it was also designed to make an ideological statement about the supremacy of Rome in the world. Portus is, thus, of key importance to understanding Rome and her relationship to the Empire. The project that forms the subject of this book was designed to use non-destructive techniques of topographic and geophysical survey in combination with systematic surface collection to provide a new understanding of the plan of Portus. The work was undertaken between 1997 and 2002 as a collaboration between the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Ostia, the British School at Rome, and the Universities of Southampton, Durham and Cambridge. This volume presents the full results of the survey and uses them as the basis for a re-evaluation of the whole port complex. The geophysical survey results are interpreted in the context of earlier work at the site in order to offer new perspectives on the character and development of the site.