From Handaxe to Khan - Essays Presented to Peder Mortensen on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday

This volume challenges the orthodox view that fishing and fish played only a marginal role in the economy of the ancient world. In fact, there is archaeological evidence for ancient fish processing on a commercial scale not only in the Mediterranean itself, but also on the Atlantic coast and in the Black Sea region, especially the Crimea. Our literary sources testify to the widespread culinary and medicinal use of salted fish and fermented fish sauces in antiquity, and especially in the first centuries AD. In this book, the authors assess the present state of research on ancient fishing and discuss its implications for the history of the Black Sea region, especially the period of Greek colonisation along its shores. While grain has traditionally been viewed as the main export commodity of the Pontic colonies, the existence of salting-vats on the coast of the Crimea indicate production of salt-fish or fish sauce on a large scale, presumably for export. However, many questions remain unanswered: for instance concerning ownership and organisation of the processing facilities, or how the finished product was transported to distant markets.

From 1725 until his death in 1741, Bering commanded two of the most ambitious journeys of exploration in the 18th century. Each required years of overland travel across Asia to reach desolate Kamchatka and the Pacific coast of Siberia, where the crews had to build their own ships. Only then could the search for the mythical Northeast Passage and the north-western coastline of America begin. During the late 1990s/early 21st century, the discovery of forgotten documents in Russian archives has revitalised the study of these classic expeditions, and the contributors to this volume are all part of the new scholarship. Here they examine such topics as expedition historiography, the participants' daily life, the beginnings of scientific ethnography and the connection between the expeditions' scientific objectives and their political ends. These political goals included the colonisation of northern Pacific islands and the North American coast, and manifested themselves in two sets of instructions -- one genuine, one false.

To speak about the relationship between reality and art is like wanting to solve an equation with two unknowns. Nonetheless they are so closely bound up with each other that one is almost bound to mention the two quantities in the same breath. Is there much of a difference then between art and reality? For what is reality but what we make of it? With our cities and buildings, our tamed landscape and manifold utensils, with all the available remedies and media we shape reality at will, in our own image. This, however, is not true only of our concrete products. We form our reality also through the thoughts and ideas we have about ourselves and the world, and through the concepts by which we try to cope with it. Consequently all art must have its origin in a belief in the existence of reality whatever constitutes the kind of reality that the individual professes to see as his own. It is not, therefore, the intention in this volume to explore the universal laws of art and track down the imprint they have left on reality in the work of art. On the contrary, art will be seen as the means of expression which, due to its diversity and changeability, will always be the proper medium to capture the glimpse of the reality current at any given moment and preserve the picture of it in a more lasting, though not in a universally valid form.

Archaeological settlement studies are called diachronic when they deal with chronological development - local or regional - over time. The articles in this book remain within the Bronze Age for the most part, and cover periods that vary from a few hundred to thousands of years. The contributions represent three traditions in European diachronic settlement studies: a Northern, where posthole archaeology has become the norm; a Central European, dominated by other elements, including the crucial role of the Danube in the understanding of innovation; and a South European, dominated by massive, well preserved stone architecture. The aim of this European Science Foundation (ESF) workshop, from which these reports emanated, was to present studies from a wide range of European countries in order to illustrate the different scientific approaches to common problems. By doing this, the participants examined how different research traditions, administrative practices and financial restrictions influence archaeological practices. They then search for new common approaches. The collection of reports cover archaeological studies from Scandinavia, northern Germany, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and England. This book will be valuable for archaeologists and students of archaeology, not only for the subject matter of each report but also for the theoretical discussions of research methods.

This volume presents a selection of papers read at the CESNUR 1997 conference in Amsterdam. The articles are divided into four sections each with its own relevance to the study of new religions in contemporary society; esotericism, millennialism and eschatology, religious leaders, and, more broadly, social aspects of the new religions. The contributors work in the fields of sociology, sociology of religion, history of religion, anthropology and theology, thus reflecting the well established tradition for interdisciplinary efforts in the study of new religions. The contributors are Judith Coney, Jean Duhaime, Robert Ellwood, Liselotte Frisk, Massimo Introvigne, Constance A. Jones, Reender Kranenburg, Albertina Nugteren, David Piff, Mikael Rothstein, Mark Sedgwick, Jan A.M. Snoek, Cristine Steyn and Margit Warburg.

Raised to honour Maussolos, a Persian satrap of the 4th century BCE, the Maussolleion in Halikarnassos was renowned throughout the ancient world as one of its Seven Wonders. Pliny the Elder provided a useful description of it several centuries later, but another fourteen passed before the invention of moveable type made his observations available to a wider public. In Volume 5, Jeppesen tries to reconcile Pliny's account of the superstructure with recent archaeological finds. The passage in Pliny's Natural History has been corrupted by untold generations of copyists, and reconstructions have focused on producing a grammatically acceptable text, with little regard for consistency and sense. Jeppesen compares variant readings from the 58 known manuscripts and proposes a model that tallies with the new archaeological evidence. The volume concludes with a survey of the architectural fragments held by the British Museum and the Maussolleion Museum in Bodrum.

This volume is a study of selected ceramic finds from the Maussolleion site and the first major publication on Karian pottery since 1965. From a body of 120,000 items, the authors have emphasised in situ contexts related to the construction of the Maussolleion, and representative items from the large body of Hellenistic material.

Many questions regarding sense and the senses in art and aesthetics are addressed in this anthology. Meditating on philosophy, fine arts, and literature, as well as on the more simple 'joys of life' such as cinema, dirty language, and food, the authors draw upon a wide range of phenomena, none of which is more privileged than the others. Art´s relationship to humankind exists through the senses, it seems. The fact that different kinds of art exists might be associated with the circumstance that we have disparate senses, thus the divergent ways in which the aesthetic experience is transmitted. Art, therefore, can necessarily be understood as a fundamental plurality, since there is no single way to experience it. Accordingly, we tend to distinguish, for example, between those art forms that lend themselves to the senses of distance (sight and hearing) and the proximate senses of smell, touch and taste. In art, it has been maintained that the so-called 'fine arts' -- music and the visual arts -- were based on the distant senses, while the 'lower arts' -- such as perfumery and gastronomy -- were associated with the proximate senses. But, how could we conceptualize differences among art and the senses at all if we lacked a common concept -- a sensus communis -- of art and sense? With subjects ranging quite literally from philosophy to faeces, the reader of this anthology will find new views on film directors such as Quentin Tarantino, Lars von Trier, and Krzysztof Kieslowski; authors such as Sylvia Plath, Vilhelm Ekelund, Elias Canetti, and Rainer-Maria Rilke; and philosophers such as Jean-Luc Nancy, Friedrich Nietzsche, Peter Sloterdijk, and Michel Serres.

This volume details Jan Zahle's investigations of subterranean structures close to the Maussolleion. Successive spoilations -- including Newton's -- have greatly muddled the archaeological record, and the Danish excavations uncovered evidence of another complication: plans for the site appear to have changed during construction, so what was originally intended as a modest extension of the existing structures evolves into a huge tomb on an immense terrace. Zahle's thorough sifting of evidence resolves many contradictions, though uncertainties still remain.

What is the relationship between the British colonial project and English literature in India? How did official pronouncements on the role of English in culture and education help define modern India? How can postcolonial theory contribute towards and understanding of this history and its aftermath? In this historical study, Prem Poddar shows how colonisers and the nationalists who succeed them tended to inhabit the same discursive space. True difference and heterogeneity became the first casualty in the name of a united nation. The book details the 'civil violence' of such policies in independent India. If the study of English is to remain relevant in ex-colonies like India, Poddar argues, it must take cognisance of postcolonial critiques that recognise other voices and locate English literature in its various cultural and historical contexts. 'Violent Civilities' speaks most obviously to scholars of English, India or postcolonial studies, but it is also for anyone interested in how contemporary academe can negotiate the relationship between national identity, language and culture.

Text in German.

What is it that shocks newcomers to the works of Flannery O'Connor and what makes them return? The perfection of her language and her images allures her readers, the precision of her settings and her characters keeps them spellbound because the surface reality of her stories -- enjoyable in itself -- touches deeper layers of human experience. For O'Connor the art work was an embodiment of spiritual reality as much as Jesus was the Word made flesh. In his study the author presents readings of O'Connor stories, which prove that she is a master of showing mystery through manners, depth through precision.

In its first three centuries the Roman Empire expanded politically at the same time as Greek culture was enjoying its heyday. This not only created tensions but also many productive impulses, which were mirrored in different branches of cultural life. In this collection of papers an assembled team of international scholars from the fields of philosophy, history of ideas, literature, epigraphy, archaeology and history explores the intercultural aspects of that thriving period. Lisa Nevett's paper "Continuity and change in Greek households under Roman rule - the role of women in the domestic context" looks at the extent to which individual households and especially attitudes to women changed under Roman control. her evidence of patterns of social behaviour is archaeological and she concludes that a relaxation of restrictions on women took place from the later Hellenistic period onwards and therefore was a development which had begun prior to the arrival of the Romans. Paolo Desideri surveys Greek historiographical literature of the second century AD to find a key to Greek mentality and political ideology in the late Roman Empire. The Greeks did not have to give up their civilisation and identity; Appian and Cassius Dio even created the idea of a Hellenistic rather than a Roman Empire. Philip Stadter in "Plutarch's Lives and their Roman Readers" argues that Plutarch in "Lives is counselling the elite class of the Roman Empire, and that Tiberius Gracchus in particular would have provided a useful lesson, e.g. for the emperor Hadrian. Ewen Bowie explores the literary tales of Hadrian in Latin and particularly Greek poetry, including ancient sources for his preferences, his own compositions and some of the poems composed by the friends of ministers. Hadrian seems to have preferred Antimaches over Homer, admired Archilochus, Parthenius and short polymetric compositions.

This is the second volume of the complete publication of Panskoye I, a short-lived Greek rural site in Northwestern Crimea dating from the period c. 400-270 BC. The settlement was founded by Olbia, the most important Greek city on the northern shores of the Black Sea. Half a century later the fortress was destroyed and the settlement taken over by another Greek city, Tauric Chersonesos. From then on and until its final destruction it formed part of the chora (territory) of this city. Both the necropolis and settlement provide invaluable archaeological information thanks to the unique combination of a very precise date with rich finds of the material culture such as pottery, metals, sculptures, coins, inscriptions, etc, as well as anthropological data allowing the paleodemographic reconstructions.

This is the first volume of the complete publication of Panskoye I, a rural settlement in North-western Crimea dating from the period c. 400-270BC. The settlement was founded by Olbia, the most important Greek city on the northern shores of the Black Sea. Half a century later the fortress was destroyed and the settlement taken over by another Greek city, Chersonesos Taurica. From then on and until its final destruction it formed part of the chora (territory) of this city. This volume published research results about a monumental building (U6) which was erected after the take-over by Chersonesos and details on the very varied and rich finds from the building. The volume encompasses detailed studies of the architecture and layout of the building, of a large number of finds such as sculpture, pottery, lamps, terracottas, coins, metal-, stone-, and glass objects and graffiti. Included also are the results of a number of scientific studies, such as geological, palaeobotanical and petrographic analyses. An introduction presents the large-scale survey of North-western Crimea which began in 1959 and of which the excavations of Panskoye I (1964-94) form a central part. This publication offers an insight into two important issues in ancient history and classical archaeology, a Greek city's exploitation of its territory and of the interaction between Greek settlers and all local tribes, in this case the Scythians and the Taurians. The volume is the first of three. Volume 2 will deal with the necropolis of the settlement, and volume 3 with the earliest fortress.